Explicit closed forms from polynomial factors, including repeated factors. These supply reducibility obstructions for the differential matrix.
The inner and outer derivatives of a bivariate polynomial commute.
The logarithmic differential of a factor gives a closed form for the whole product after clearing its denominator.
For coprime factors with a separable first factor and nonzero second derivative, the factor's logarithmic numerator cannot be a scalar multiple of the derivative of the product. This works in any characteristic.
The repeated-factor construction works for every multiplicity at least two, with no restriction on the characteristic or the multiplicity.
For a nonconstant separable g coprime to h, the numerator g ^ k * h * g' is not a
scalar multiple of the derivative of g ^ (k + 2) * h; cancellation exposes its extra pole.